An attack against one was to be considered an attack against all, to be met by appropriate force. Since the United States had been a key ally in liberating western Europe, it found itself deeply involved in this newly divided continent: Eastern Europe wasn't being turned back into free states, but under the military and increasingly political control of the Soviet Union. Definition and Historical PerspectiveThe Cold War and America's Counter-Plan for CommunismThe Reagan Doctrine: To Wipe Out Communism To the new administration of Harry Truman, this behavior was reminiscent of Hitler's in the 1930s. It had been divided into U.S., Soviet, British, and French zones of occupation, with the former German capital of Berlin (itself divided into four zones), near the center of the Soviet zone. By then, Soviet domination of Eastern Europe, and especially the Czech coup, had alarmed the Western Europeans. Further, western European countries appeared to be wobbling in their democracies because of socialist agitation and collapsing economies, and the United States began to suspect that the Soviet Union was using communism as a means to make western democracy fail by destabilizing these countries and bringing them into the folds of communism. With many of the region's nations economically and politically unstable, the United States feared that local Communist parties, directed by Moscow, would capitalize on their wartime record of resistance to the Nazis and come to power. The resulting document, known as NSC-68, signaled a new direction in American security policy. The Norwegian historian Geir Lundestad has called it "empire by invitation." Containment was not without its critics, and among the most perceptive was journalist Walter Lippman. Having just won a world war, they seemed intent on setting the stage for another. Also, much of the policy helped influence U.S. foreign policy in later years, such as during the War on Terror and dealing with post-Cold War dictators, such as Iraq's Saddam Hussein. The United States feared specifically a domino effect, that the communism of the USSR would spread from one country to the next, destabilizing one nation which would, in turn, destabilize the next and allow for communist regimes to dominate the region. The Cold War: The Atomic Age The containment strategy also provided the rationale for an unprecedented arms buildup in the United States. NATO was the first peacetime "entangling alliance" with powers outside the Western hemisphere in American history. U.S., French, and British planes delivered nearly 2,250,000 tons of goods, including food and coal. Their solution: cutting communist influence off at its source or enticing struggling nations with more funding than communist countries were providing. Containment was adopted by President Harry Truman as part of his Truman Doctrine in 1947, which redefined America's foreign policy as one that supports the "free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures," according to Truman's speech to Congress that year. After driving German forces out of Eastern Europe … The remaining 16 nations hammered out a request that finally came to $17,000 million for a four-year period. A List of Current Communist Countries in the World Successes and Failures of Détente in the Cold War The United States proceeded to increase defense spending dramatically. George Kennan, a top official at the U.S. embassy in Moscow, defined the new approach in the Long Telegram he sent to the State Department in 1946. Containment assumed many different forms. In early 1948 Congress voted to fund the "Marshall Plan," which helped underwrite the economic resurgence of Western Europe. Pointing to Russia's traditional sense of insecurity, Kennan argued that the Soviet Union would not soften its stance under any circumstances. Definition and Summary of Containment Summary and Definition: The strategy and policy of Containment was used by the United States during the Cold War (1945 - 1991). "Page last modified: Superpowers Collide, 1961-1981. In this curriculum unit students will learn how the Cold War began, from the agreements reached at Yalta and Potsdam in 1945 through the formation of NATO in 1949. Containment remained central to American foreign policy throughout the Cold War, officially ending with the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. Containment would, in fact, remain the cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy for the next fifty years. The Soviets participated in the first planning meeting, then departed rather than share economic data and submit to Western controls on the expenditure of the aid. The president asked Congress to provide $400 million for economic and military aid, mostly to Greece but also to Turkey. ..." The concept of containment was first outlined in George Kennan's " In turn, his statements inspired a wave of hysterical anti-Communism throughout the country. It is generally regarded as one of the most successful foreign policy initiatives in U.S. history. Definition and Analysis "The patient is sinking while the doctors deliberate," declared Secretary of State George C. Marshall. The next year, the United States defined its defense aims clearly. In 1949 the United States and 11 other countries established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Containment and Cold War, 1945-1961. The End of the Cold War, 1981-1992 Based on the assumption that "the Soviet Union was engaged in a fanatical effort to seize control of all governments wherever possible," the document committed America to assist allied nations anywhere in the world that seemed threatened by Soviet aggression.
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